英語說明文的寫作方法（一）之一

　　　　就說明對象而言，英語說明文可分為對客觀具體事物的說明和對主觀抽象觀念的說明兩大類，比如：對LASER（激光）、Computer Problem of Year 2000（計算機2000年問題）等等的說明都是對客觀或者具體事物的說明，而The Successful Interview（談成功的面試）、How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能寫好英語作文） 等是對主觀抽象觀念的說明。

　　　　對我們中學生朋友來說，在漢語說明文的教學中似乎比較側重前者，即解釋客觀具體事物的說明文。但在英語說明文中，闡述和說明 主觀抽象觀念的說明文占了很大的比重，其中有些類似漢語中的議論文。但是無論是對客觀具體事物的說明還是對主觀抽象觀念的闡述，英語說明文從結構上看大致可分為三個部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主題，也就是說，文章想要闡述、說明的主要內容；第二部分是文章的主體，可由若干個段落組成，對文章的主題進行展開說明；第三部分是結尾段，對文章的主題作歸納總結。從英語說明文的結構可以看出，要寫好英語說明文的關鍵在于第二部分如何對文章主題進行展開說明。在英語中，常見的用來展開文章主題的方法有下列幾種：

　　　　1.羅列法（listing）

　　　　在文章開始時提出需要說明的東西和觀點，然后常用first，second，and finally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導性的說明文之中，下面這篇學生作文就是用羅列法寫成的：

　　Early Rising

　　　　Early rising（早起）is helpful in more than one way. First，it helps to keep us fit（健康）.We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides，we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise（做早操）。

　　　　Secondly，early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning，and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

　　　　Thirdly，early rising enables（使能夠）us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring，so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

　　　　Fourthly，early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work，such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

　　　　Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，Early to bed and early to rise，makes a man healthy，wealthy and wise.

　　　　羅列法經常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學習：

　　　　There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，Secondly，And finally，

　　　　We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，Secondly，And finally，

　　　　必須指出的是，有時羅列法并不一定有明確的first，second等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據展開的。

　　　　2.舉例法（examples）

　　　　舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is等詞語引出。下面這篇學生作文就是用舉例法寫成的：

　　Recreation

　　　　It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation（娛樂）.The mind，too，needs change to make it fresh and vigorous（有活力的）There is much truth in the old saying，All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

　　　　There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done，for instance，football，tennis，and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating，fishing，gardening，cycling，walking，chess-playing，and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles（肌肉）with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work（體力活）should adopt（采納）reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

　　　　Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation，but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience，and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk（輕松）walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor，chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

　　　　可以看出，舉例法和羅列法有時可以結合使用：即用羅列法來列出例子，用例子充實羅列的說明。

　　　　3.比較法（comparison and contrast）

　　　　比較法是對兩個對象進行比較，從而進行說明的寫作手法。比較法又可細分為比較相同點（comparison）和比較不同點（contrast）兩種方法，比如：

　　From Paragraph to Essay

　　　　Although they are different in length（長度），the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure（結構）. For example，the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence（主題句）or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the ess

　　英語說明文的寫作方法（一）之一

　　　　就說明對象而言，英語說明文可分為對客觀具體事物的說明和對主觀抽象觀念的說明兩大類，比如：對LASER（激光）、Computer Problem of Year 2000（計算機2000年問題）等等的說明都是對客觀或者具體事物的說明，而The Successful Interview（談成功的面試）、How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能寫好英語作文） 等是對主觀抽象觀念的說明。

　　　　對我們中學生朋友來說，在漢語說明文的教學中似乎比較側重前者，即解釋客觀具體事物的說明文。但在英語說明文中，闡述和說明 主觀抽象觀念的說明文占了很大的比重，其中有些類似漢語中的議論文。但是無論是對客觀具體事物的說明還是對主觀抽象觀念的闡述，英語說明文從結構上看大致可分為三個部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主題，也就是說，文章想要闡述、說明的主要內容；第二部分是文章的主體，可由若干個段落組成，對文章的主題進行展開說明；第三部分是結尾段，對文章的主題作歸納總結。從英語說明文的結構可以看出，要寫好英語說明文的關鍵在于第二部分如何對文章主題進行展開說明。在英語中，常見的用來展開文章主題的方法有下列幾種：

　　　　1.羅列法（listing）

　　　　在文章開始時提出需要說明的東西和觀點，然后常用first，second，and finally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導性的說明文之中，下面這篇學生作文就是用羅列法寫成的：

　　Early Rising

　　　　Early rising（早起）is helpful in more than one way. First，it helps to keep us fit（健康）.We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides，we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise（做早操）。

　　　　Secondly，early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning，and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

　　　　Thirdly，early rising enables（使能夠）us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring，so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

　　　　Fourthly，early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work，such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

　　　　Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，Early to bed and early to rise，makes a man healthy，wealthy and wise.

　　　　羅列法經常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學習：

　　　　There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，Secondly，And finally，

　　　　We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，Secondly，And finally，

　　　　必須指出的是，有時羅列法并不一定有明確的first，second等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據展開的。

　　　　2.舉例法（examples）

　　　　舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is等詞語引出。下面這篇學生作文就是用舉例法寫成的：

　　Recreation

　　　　It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation（娛樂）.The mind，too，needs change to make it fresh and vigorous（有活力的）There is much truth in the old saying，All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

　　　　There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done，for instance，football，tennis，and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating，fishing，gardening，cycling，walking，chess-playing，and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles（肌肉）with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work（體力活）should adopt（采納）reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

　　　　Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation，but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience，and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk（輕松）walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor，chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

　　　　可以看出，舉例法和羅列法有時可以結合使用：即用羅列法來列出例子，用例子充實羅列的說明。

　　　　3.比較法（comparison and contrast）

　　　　比較法是對兩個對象進行比較，從而進行說明的寫作手法。比較法又可細分為比較相同點（comparison）和比較不同點（contrast）兩種方法，比如：

　　From Paragraph to Essay

　　　　Although they are different in length（長度），the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure（結構）. For example，the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence（主題句）or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the ess